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<title>Speech code</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Speech code</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legal concept of speech codes. For the sociolinguistic academic field, see <a href="Speech_Code_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech Code Theory">Speech Code Theory</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>speech code</b> is any rule or regulation that limits, restricts, or bans speech beyond the strict legal limitations upon <a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> or <a href="Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press</a> found in the legal definitions of <a href="Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slander</a>, <a href="Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>, and <a href="Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">fighting words</a>. Such codes are common in the workplace, in universities,<sup id="cite_ref-uelman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uelman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in private organizations. The term may be applied to regulations that do not explicitly prohibit particular words or sentences. Speech codes are often applied for the purpose of suppressing <a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> or forms of social discourse thought to be disagreeable to the implementers.

</p><p>Use of the term is in many cases valuable; those opposing a particular regulation may refer to it as a speech code, while supporters will prefer to describe it as, for example and depending on the circumstances, a harassment policy. This is particularly the case in <a href="Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academic</a> contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banned_word">Banned word</h2></div>

<p>A <b>banned word</b> is one whose use is prohibited by law or culture or organization policy. An example would be the <a href="Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a> campaign. Some companies, such as <a href="Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, allow users to decide for themselves what words to ban from being used on their pages (e.g. in <a href="Comments_section" title="Comments section">comments sections</a>). Most often, banned words, or entire phrases, relate to <a href="Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> and <a href="Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> or <a href="Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a> speech. The most stringent of such policies may include a ban on anything deemed offensive, such as ridicule against another person.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_universities">United States universities</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></div>

<p>In the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> has not issued a direct ruling on whether speech codes are unconstitutional, but has ruled against their implementation within <a href="Public_university" title="Public university">public universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan</a> has struck down a speech code at the <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, indicating that broad speech codes seeking to prohibit <a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> probably violate the <a href="First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> (<i><a href="Doe_v._University_of_Michigan" title="Doe v. University of Michigan">Doe v. University of Michigan</a>,</i> 1989). Subsequent challenges against such language as part of harassment policies, <a href="Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">diversity</a> mandates, and so forth instead of being self-identified as speech codes have generally succeeded to date. <a href="Nadine_Strossen" title="Nadine Strossen">Nadine Strossen</a> writes that in the 1980s, when the ACLU sued on the matter, "hate speech" codes were invariably struck down as unduly vague and overbroad (a key constitutional criterion<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and all subsequent codes directed against specific viewpoints would fail under the same standard.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One web site describes behavior that speech codes are meant to prevent:

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<dl><dd>Discriminatory harassment includes conduct (oral, written, graphic or physical) directed against any person or, group of persons because of their race, color, national origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, disability, or veteran's status and that has the purpose or reasonably foreseeable effect of creating an offensive, demeaning, intimidating, or hostile environment for that person or group of persons.<sup id="cite_ref-uelman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uelman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>Today, most talk of speech codes is within institutional contexts and refer to colleges and refers to official lists and rules established by authorities, where speech codes are occasionally used by colleges and universities to suppress speech that others find offensive. <a href="Alan_Charles_Kors" title="Alan Charles Kors">Alan Charles Kors</a> and <a href="Harvey_Silverglate" title="Harvey Silverglate">Harvey Silverglate</a>, in their work <i>The Shadow University</i>, published in 1998, refer to a number of cases in which speech codes have been used by public and private universities to suppress <a href="Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>, as well as the <a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and deny <a href="Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> of law (for public institutions), or violate explicit and implicit guarantees of fairness declared or implied in a student's <a href="Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> of enrollment or a faculty member's contract of employment with the institution of higher education in question (at private institutions<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-silvergate_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silvergate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One particular case, the University of Pennsylvania <a href="Water_buffalo_incident" title="Water buffalo incident">"Water Buffalo" case</a>, highlighted reasons for and against speech codes and is typical of such cases. In the <a href="University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> case, a freshman faced expulsion from that private school when he called African-American sorority members who were making substantial amounts of noise and disturbing his sleep during the middle of the night "water buffalo" (the charged student claimed not to intend discrimination, as the individual in question spoke the modern <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, and the term "water buffalo", or "behema", in modern Hebrew, is slang for a rude or an insulting person; moreover, <a href="Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> are native to Asia rather than Africa). Some saw the statement as racist while others simply saw it as a general insult. Questions were raised about how far was too far when interpreting and punishing statements like the one in question. The college eventually dropped the charges amid national criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-silvergate_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silvergate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-downs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2></div>

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<p>There are two distinct reasons given for the implementation of speech codes, most often given in the context of higher education institutions. The first is as follows, "First, to protect vulnerable students from threatening, truly harassing speech that amounts to 'fighting words,' which are not protected by the First Amendment".<sup id="cite_ref-downs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The second reason is more abstract, leaving room for argument both for and against the reason. One author states, "Second, [speech codes] are linked to a broader ideological agenda designed to foster an egalitarian vision of social justice".<sup id="cite_ref-downs_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because many institutions hold such a view in their mission statements, the justification for a policy in line with the views of the institution comes quite naturally. However, opponents of speech codes often maintain that any restriction on speech is a violation of the First Amendment. Because words and phrases typically belonging in the hate speech category could also be used in literature, quoted for socially acceptable purposes or used out loud as examples of what not to say in certain situations, it can be argued that the words and phrases have practical, intrinsic value and therefore should not be banned.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_of_Speech_Codes">Criticisms of Speech Codes</h2></div>

<p>According to one scholar, hate speech complaints are up on campuses everywhere, pressuring universities to create speech codes of their own. He states:

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<dl><dd>There were approximately 75 hate speech codes in place at U.S. colleges and universities in 1990; by 1991, the number grew to over 300. School administrators institute codes primarily to foster productive learning environments in the face of rising racially motivated and other offensive incidents on many campuses. According to a recent study, reports of campus harassment increased 400 percent between 1985 and 1990. Moreover, 80 percent of campus harassment incidents go unreported.<sup id="cite_ref-uelman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uelman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>Critics of speech codes such as the <a href="Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Individual Rights in Education">Foundation for Individual Rights in Education</a> (FIRE) allege that speech codes are often not enforced impartially, but serve as a form of unconstitutional <a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">viewpoint discrimination</a>, punishing those "whose speech does not meet their subjective standards of 'political correctness'",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and feel that "Progress [towards free speech rights] is endangered when schools attempt to use a charge of disruption as a pretext for censoring speech."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many who argue against speech codes cite former Supreme Court justice <a href="Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a>, believing that "The very aim and end of our institutions is just this: that we may think what we like and say what we think."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As of 2021, 21.3% of 478 schools surveyed by the <a href="Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Individual Rights in Education">Foundation for Individual Rights in Education</a> maintain at least one policy that is considered to substantially restrict freedom of speech. This number is slowly declining however, with 2021 being the thirteenth year in a row that the percentage of schools holding such policies has decreased. On the other end of it, the number of universities that are committed to protecting free speech continues to go up, with 76 universities committing to this belief by 2021. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Anti-bias_curriculum" title="Anti-bias curriculum">Anti-bias curriculum</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusive_language" title="Inclusive language">Inclusive language</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Individual Rights in Education">Foundation for Individual Rights in Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Urofsky_v._Gilmore" title="Urofsky v. Gilmore">Urofsky v. Gilmore</a></i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFStrossen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Strossen, Nadine (1990). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3116&context=dlj">"Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?"</a></span>. <i>Duke Law Journal</i>. <b>1990</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">484–</span>573. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1372555">10.2307/1372555</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555">1372555</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Nadine_Strossen" title="Nadine Strossen">Strossen, Nadine</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/Strossen%20Statement%20Free%20Speech%207-27.pdf">Written testimony on <i>Challenges to the Freedom of Speech on College Campuses</i></a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, if a private institution declares or implies that their code of conduct will treat those subject to it fairly, then a court will require an institution to uphold their promises of fairness, under the <a href="Implied_covenant_of_good_faith_and_fair_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing">implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing</a>, even if the institution disclaims that it is a contract. Contrary to this, if an institution openly, willingly, and publicly declares their code of conduct is completely arbitrary and capricious, and discipline is carried out at the slightest whim of higher authorities, then no court will inquire as to how they conduct their business.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-uelman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uelman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uelman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uelman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uelmen, Gerald (1992). The Price of Free Speech: Campus Hate Speech Codes. *Issues in Ethics - V. 5, N. 2, Summer 1992. Murkkula Center For Applied Ethics.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n2/codes.html">[1]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.23943/9781400889884-005">"Free speech on campus"</a></span>, <i>Speak Freely</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>160, 2018-12-31, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23943%2F9781400889884-005">10.23943/9781400889884-005</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4008-8988-4</bdi>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239434908">239434908</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-06</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity" class="citation web cs1">University, Santa Clara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scu.edu/character/resources/campus-hate-speech-codes/">"Campus Hate Speech Codes"</a>. <i>www.scu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-1/modern-tests-and-standards-vagueness-overbreadth-strict-scrutiny-intermediate-scrutiny-and-effectiveness-of-speech-restrictions">"Modern Tests and Standards: Vagueness, Overbreadth, Strict Scrutiny, Intermediate Scrutiny, and Effectiveness of Speech Restrictions"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStrossen2018" class="citation book cs1">Strossen, Nadine (2018). <i>Hate: why we should resist it with free speech, not censorship</i>. New York, NY. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-085912-1</bdi>. <a href="OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26883438M">26883438M</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-silvergate-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silvergate_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silvergate_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKorsSilverglate1998" class="citation book cs1">Kors, Alan Charles; Silverglate, Harvey A. (October 2, 1998). <i>The SHADOW UNIVERSITY: The Betrayal of Liberty on America's Campuses</i>. Free Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780684853215</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-downs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-downs_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-downs_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-downs_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Downs, Donald (1993). Codes say darnedest things. Quill; Vol. 81 Issue 8, p19, October.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefire.org/article/10586.html">"FIRE Letter to California Polytechnic State University President Warren J. Baker"</a>. 6 May 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefire.org/index.php/article/152.html">"Major Victory for Free Speech at Cal Poly"</a>. 6 May 2004.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity" class="citation web cs1">University, Santa Clara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scu.edu/character/resources/campus-hate-speech-codes/">"Campus Hate Speech Codes"</a>. <i>www.scu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefire.org/resources/spotlight/reports/spotlight-on-speech-codes-2021/">"Spotlight on Speech Codes 2021"</a>. <i>FIRE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Censorship56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">By copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li>

<li><a href="Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li>

<li><a href="Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li>

<li><a href="De-banking" class="mw-redirect" title="De-banking">De-banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li>

<li><a href="Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallin's_spheres" title="Hallin's spheres">Hallin's spheres</a></li>

<li><a href="Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li>

<li><a href="Heckler's_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li>

<li><a href="Hush_money" title="Hush money">Hush money</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li>

<li><a href="Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_blackout" title="Media blackout">Media blackout</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li>

<li><a href="National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li>

<li><a href="News_embargo" title="News embargo">News embargo</a></li>

<li><a href="Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">Non-disclosure agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Opinion_corridor" title="Opinion corridor">Opinion corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li>

<li><a href="Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>

<li><a href="Redaction" title="Redaction">Redaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-injunctions_in_English_law" title="Super-injunctions in English law">Super-injunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li>

<li><a href="Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">Chinese censorship abroad</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a>

<ul><li><a href="Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_police" title="Moral police">Moral police</a></li>

<li><a href="Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political censorship</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned parties</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_Islamic_societies" title="Censorship in Islamic societies">Islamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Police</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship by country</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blasphemy_law#By_country" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_the_Middle_East" title="Censorship in the Middle East">In the Middle East</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_South_Asia" title="Censorship in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Speech_code&oldid=1301405944">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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